![]() On iOS, open the Settings app, go to Messages > Keep Messages, and set messages to automatically disappear after 30 days. You can delete these old conversations manually, or try a less time-consuming option: automatically erasing your chat history after a set period of time has elapsed. Of course, most people like to check back on their old communications, but you don’t need to preserve every moment of a years-long thread. Unless you use a chat app with self-destructing messages, it will keep records of your conversations. To erase data collected outside of private mode, open the Settings app, find Safari and tap Clear History and Website Data. Now, when you tap the Plus button to open a new window, it will be an incognito one. Decide what works for you and hit Clear data.įor iPhone users who rely on Safari, tap the Show pages icon (two squares) on the bottom right of the screen and choose Private. Click that and a dialog box will appear with numerous options for clearing your data. There, under Privacy and security, you’ll find an option to Clear browsing data. ![]() Just go to the menu again and find Settings. If you forget to browse incognito, you can still clear your saved data. For example, to launch incognito mode with Chrome, tap the Menu button (three dots) on the top right of the page and choose New Incognito Window. The process for using this mode will depend on the browser app you prefer. But if you simply aim to clean up the record left on your phone’s local storage, incognito mode tidies up after itself very effectively. To hide your browsing from your ISP, you’ll need to rely on a virtual private network (VPN) (more on that in this roundup of security gadgets and apps). Your internet service provider (ISP), will also see your browsing, and it may log your online behavior as well. For instance, if you log into Facebook’s web portal in incognito mode, the social network will still record your activity. However, private browsing doesn’t make you invisible. When you open a session in this mode, the app will forget the pages you visit and the keywords you search as soon as you close the window. The web browser on your phone, like the one on your computer, offers a data-limiting incognito or private mode. We will focus on cleaning up your phone’s local storage, as opposed to limiting the information that apps send to the cloud. ![]() In this guide, we’ll explain how you can prevent your device from logging and storing data where other people can easily stumble across it. It also puts your personal information at risk should your phone fall into really unscrupulous hands. This trail can compromise your privacy the next time a friend borrows your device. It was originally published on December 5, 2019.Įvery time you grab your phone to participate in a group chat, watch a YouTube video, or search the internet, you leave a digital footprint of your activity.
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![]() ![]() Design: We quantified viral (cell-free) and proviral (cell-associated) HIV loads in breast-milk samples collected ≤15 d. ![]() What are the up-to-date scientific information and new therapies that can be adapted to address these challenges? total rewards credit card Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of VA/BC or multivitamin (B complex, vitamin C, and vitamin E) supplementation of HIV-infected women on HIV shedding in breast milk during the first 2 y postpartum. MUHA MEDS CART REVIEW 67,042 views 718 Dislike ROOSTER B TV 4.91K subscribers Notice Age-restricted video (based on Community Guidelines) You're …HIV-infected infants and children are vulnerable to opportunistic diseases and adverse nutritional outcomes. 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For example, is there a relationship between the grade on the second math exam a student takes and the grade on the final exam? If there is a relationship, what is the relationship and how strong is it? Professionals often want to know how two (or more) numeric variables are related. ![]() Linear regression and correlation can help you determine if an auto mechanic’s salary is related to his work experience. Apply ideas of inference to linear regressionįigure 9.1: Auto Mechanic Salaries.Understand the impact of influential points and outliers in the context of linear regression.Predict future value using your regression line.Understand basic ideas of linear regression.Display and describe relationships in bivariate data.We will accomplish this by creating a measure called LinearLog in our marsdata table.By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to: To make Power BI switch from a Log scale to a Linear scale, you need to force the visualization display a zero or negative value and revert to a linear axis. This time we will turn “Multiple selection” off and “Forced selection” on in the Chiclet Slicer’s options to achieve toggle functionality. We then place another Chiclet Slicer on the canvas and associate it with the ScaleType item. Since this will be a two item slicer acting as a toggle, we will create the table by using the “Enter Data” activity off of the “Home” tab. Create a measure in our main data table (marsweather) that changes based on a slicer selection.Add a slicer and associate the values from the new table.Create a table with the values that will be used in a slicer.To implement this we took an approach similar to the dynamic slicer in the first post: To achieve the result we want, we will add another IF condition to the DAX for when the sum of the “ls” value is zero. SunAngle = IF(CONTAINS(GraphLines,GraphLines,"ls"),sum(marsweather),BLANK()) Previously, the DAX for the SunAngle measure was: In order to support a Log axis, we will need to alter the value of SunAngle to “BLANK” when it hits 0. But even with all of the temperature values above zero, the SunAngle value (abbreviated as “ls” in our data table) would still hit zero once a Martian year. We mentioned in the previous post that we converted the temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin to avoid zero and negative values for this reason. The axis options for: (a) a supported log axis, (b) a previously log supported but automatic change to linear axis, and (c) a non-log supported axis are shown below respectively. If you selected the “Log” scale and the data in the visualization later changed to contain a zero or negative value, the axis property will have an icon alerting you to an automatic linear scale axis conversion. If a zero or negative value is present on an axis based visualization, Power BI will not display “Log” as a Scale Type option. ![]() It is because Power BI only supports logarithmic axes for values greater than zero. If you followed these steps and did not see “Log” as an option, it is not because we like pulling our readers’ legs. Select “Log” from the scale type drop-down.Select the visualization and in the Visualizations tab go to the Format Options.To change a visualization’s axis to logarithmic scale: This is what our Mars Power BI Report looked like after our first post:Īs of this blog post’s publication (the St Louis Blues just won their 1st Stanley Cup and Canada has their 1st NBA Championship) Power BI supports logarithmic axes…sort of. We recommend downloading the PBIX files and viewing them in Power BI Desktop. “Publish to Web” reports are much slower than reports you would see in a real Power BI environment. Note: Each post in our series will display “Publish to Web” Power BI reports to illustrate functionality and show how the report looks at various stages of the design process. Switching an Axis Between Logarithmic and Linear Scales via a Slicer.Note: Due to the popularity of this article, we have developed a custom Power BI line chart visual that is published to the Power BI AppSource Marketplace and has built-in support for allowing the end users to switch the axis scales, read about it in post. Using Chiclet Slicer and Dummyimage to create a Legend Slicer.Performing operations in the “Get Data” phase using M.Welcome to the second post in our miniseries: “Are You Developing Power BI Reports the Right Way?” In the two-part series we are designing a sample Power BI report visualizing the weather on Mars and using some real world techniques. ![]() ![]() While behavioral studies have clearly established that the build up of causal coherence across clauses is a prerequisite for successful comprehension, they are limited in how much information they can yield about the nature and time-course of causal inferencing. For example, to connect the sentence, “The next day his body was covered in bruises” to a preceding statement such as “Joey’s brother became furiously angry with him”, one must infer that Joey’s brother must have been so angry that he hit Joey. However, when statements are less causally related, more complex inferences are necessary to establish necessary and sufficient causal connections between them ( Bloom et al., 1990 Fletcher, Hummel, & Marsolek, 1990 Graesser & Clark, 1985 Keenan et al., 1984 Kintsch & van Dijk, 1978 Long, Golding, Graesser, & Clark, 1990 Myers & Duffy, 1990 Myers et al., 1987 Van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983). ![]() The fire went out”, readers activate their real-world knowledge that water extinguishes fire ( Singer, 1993 Singer, Andrusiak, Reisdorf, & Black, 1992 Singer & Halldorson, 1996). For example, in comprehending highly causally related sentence pairs such as, “Dorothy poured the bucket of water on the bonfire. These inferences vary in complexity: when two statements are highly causally related, they simply entail the activation and integration of relevant real-world knowledge. They are also faster to recognize ( McKoon & Ratcliff, 1989), name (e.g., Klin, 1995 Potts, Keenan, & Golding, 1988) and make lexical decisions (e.g., Potts et al., 1988 but see McKoon, Ratliff, & Ward, 1994) on probe words that are introduced following causally related (versus causally unrelated) sentences.Ĭausal coherence is often established through causal inferences – information that is not explicitly stated in the text but which is required to establish causal relationships across clauses. There is consistent behavioral evidence that, during reading, comprehenders make use of such causal relationships to establish coherence during comprehension: people are faster to read sentences that are causally related (versus causally unrelated) to their preceding sentence (e.g., Haviland & Clark, 1974 Keenan, Baillet, & Brown, 1984 see also Bloom, Fletcher, van den Broek, Reitz, & Shapiro, 1990 Myer, Shinjo, & Duffy, 1987). Further, they suggest that causal coherence, at the situation level, can influence incremental word-by-word discourse comprehension, even when semantic relationships between individual words are matched.Ĭausal relationships play a vital role in structuring the meaning of text and discourse by establishing physical, motivational, and psychological links between expressed events, actions, and states ( Fletcher & Bloom, 1988 Schank & Abelson, 1977 Trabasso, van den Broek, & Suh, 1989 Trabasso & Van den Broek, 1985 van den Broek, 1990). These results indicate that both simple and complex causal inferences can influence the earliest stages of semantically processing an incoming word. No modulation of the Late Positivity/P600 component was observed across conditions. ![]() At midline sites, the N400 to intermediately related sentence-final words was attenuated to the same degree as to highly causally related words, but otherwise the N400 to intermediately related words fell in between that evoked by highly causally related and intermediately related words. Critical words in causally unrelated scenarios evoked a larger N400 than words in both highly causally related and intermediately related scenarios, regardless of whether they appeared before or at the sentence-final position. Lexico-semantic co-occurrence was matched across the three conditions using a Latent Semantic Analysis. ERPs were measured while participants read and judged the relatedness of three-sentence scenarios in which the final sentence was highly causally related, intermediately related and causally unrelated to its context. This study examined neural activity associated with establishing causal relationships across sentences during online comprehension. ![]() ![]() Tart cherry juice is marketed to amateur and professional athletes for its natural concentrations of phyto-nutrients and antioxidants, reportedly beneficial in reducing muscle soreness and joint inflammation. Over 215 NCAA and professional sports teams, plus thousands of elite and amateur athletes, drink Cheribundi as part of their daily training routines. Cheribundi tart cherry juice products are available nationwide at as well as in grocery, natural, and specialty retailers, including Publix, Safeway, Kroger, Target, Wegmans, Whole Foods, Wal-Mart, HEB, Meijer, Costco, Rite Aid, Food Lion, and online at . For more information about Cheribundi, please visit tart cherry juice and juice concentratesĬheribundi is a Boulder, Colorado-based private manufacturer of Cheribundi brand tart cherry juice beverages and concentrates. Because of its effectiveness, Cheribundi has a unique connection to the athletic world. Known for delivering benefits like increased muscle recovery, reduced soreness, immune system support and more effective sleep, Cheribundi tart cherry juices are also one of the best tasting on the market. Their tart cherry juices are crafted through a one-of-a-kind juicing process, developed by scientists at Cornell University, to create a natural product with incredibly high antioxidant strength. The natural health benefits of tart cherries are supported by over 50 scientific studies published in various academic and medical journals including the Journal of Nutrition, British Journal of Sports Medicine and the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine in Science and Sport.įounded in 2004, Cheribundi produces one of the most unique super fruit juices in the world. Tart cherries have been shown to help with better sleep, faster recovery, reduced muscle soreness and boosting immunity. serving of 100% Tart Cherry Juice contains powerful phytonutrients, antioxidants, and naturally occurring melatonin. This process produces one-and-a-half times more antioxidant strength than other leading tart cherry and super fruit beverages. “This new product not only tastes great, but answers consumer demand for a product entirely composed of the powerful super fruit.”ġ00% Tart Cherry Juice is created using a proprietary juicing process developed by scientists at Cornell University. “We’ve built our company on the health benefits that come from tart cherries, and our customers have responded and encouraged us,” said Steve Pear, Cheribundi CEO. bottles and can be purchased now via and is expected to hit shelves of major retailers, including Walmart and Amazon, this summer.Ĭheribundi’s product launch and new branding are the result of intensive market research to strategically position the company as a leader in the healthy, functional beverage sector. 100% Tart Cherry Juice is available in 8oz. Cheribundi’s full lineup now consists of Original, 100% Tart, Light, Protein, Relax and Black. 100% Tart Cherry Juice is the sixth juice in Cheribundi’s functional assortment and is the foundation of all Cheribundi products. This single-ingredient juice has no added sugars, is not from concentrate and contains 60 health-boosting tart cherries in every serving. , the leading producer of tart cherry juice products, is introducing their new 100% Tart Cherry Juice. The Super Natural Super Fruit Juice Is Available Now Online and on ShelvesĬheribundi Inc. Battery life on the TT190 is huge, with a 600mah removable battery and the simple and basic nature of the software the standby time on this phone can last 5 whole days before you need to charge the phone again. It comes will all the above features as well as an emergency assistance button that will call and text up to five pre-set phone numbers with the touch of one button.įeel secure that friends and family are just one button press away in an emergency. The new TTfone TT190 fits perfectly in the budget category of our mobile phone range. Bright clear displays with high visual contrast and large fonts. Large separated physical buttons instead of hard to use touch screens. Looking for an easy to use, basic and simple mobile phone for an elderly relative or do you need one for yourself? Here at TTfone we design mobile phones that go back to basics, these have easy and simple menus, extra loud speakers with clear quality sound. The TTfone TT190 is our new Emergency assistance mobile phone. You can also purchase separately a USB mains plug charger if you wish to. You can use any existing USB charger plug that you already have at home just simply plug in the included USB cable. Handy Flashlight – Separate, dedicated switch for using the bright torch on the top of the phone, never fumble to find your keys in the dark again.Įasy charging - The TT190 comes with a USB charging cable in the box which can be used in any PC or Laptop. Large Font - The TT190 has a user friendly menu which is laid out in a really easy way with large fonts and has clear icons which makes it simple to use for anyone. Loud Speaker - Extra loud speaker for calls and speakerphone function for even louder volume.Įmergency Assistance Button / SOS Alarm – Feel the security of having an emergency button that will call and text friends and loved ones with the touch of one button. ![]() With talking keys and distinct red and green keys for making and ending calls. Simple Keypad - The TT190 has a large separated keypad for easier typing. ![]() It is centrally located to some of the city’s best restaurants, shopping, and entertainment options. Millennium Place is the first residential property of its kind in Boston, a new form of luxury urbanism. Close to the Boston Common, the Back Bay, and the Charles River, Midtown is home to some of Boston’s most luxurious buildings and stunning views. Reaching across 23,000 square-feet of space and two floors, The Club will include a host of first-class amenities such as a screening room, parlor, library, pool, spa, and function room. Midtown is the convergence of the Financial District, Downtown Crossing, and Government Center. One of the most unique luxury residence experiences in all of Boston, The Club at Millennium Tower is one of the most exclusive scenes in the city. The building amenities are second to none and include: 24-hour concierge and doorman, exclusive two-story club with a dramatic owner’s lounge, private dining by Michelin star chef Michael Mina – the only Mina dining experience of its kind in New England, cinema, billiard parlor, outdoor terrace, children’s playroom, 75-foot lap pool, salon and spa by Marc Harris, and more. (Please scroll down this page to see all available up-to-date Sales & Rentals) Millennium Tower Residences Boston in the. At your service daily, our Club Concierge will be happy to reserve club spaces, personal training sessions and spa services. Millennium Tower has two separate entrances: the City Entrance for the lower half of the building, and the Grand Entrance for the top floors. The Club Concierge will be your personal link to our own private La Vie events and the very best of Millennium Tower Boston. Millennium Tower, Boston, United States by Millennium Partners MDA Associates and Handel Architects. Its 442 condos, with one-bedroom, two-bedroom and three-bedroom offerings, have sweeping floor-to-ceiling views of the city, Boston Common and the Harbor. Millennium Tower is a 60-story, 684-foot-tall (208 m) residential skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Millennium Tower, Boston by 1, Handel Architects. Millennium Tower is located at 1 Franklin St, Boston, MA 02110 in the Downtown. Millennium Tower was completed in 2016 and, at 685 feet, stands as the second-tallest residential building in Boston. Millennium Tower offers Studio-8 bedroom rentals starting at 4600/month. Base64 encode your data without hassles or decode it into a human-readable format. Please show your love and support by sharing this post. Meet Base64 Decode and Encode, a simple online tool that does exactly what it says: decodes from Base64 encoding as well as encodes into it quickly and easily. Therefore, to properly decode strings that are encoded with multibyte binary data, you should use the " utf8" encoding method with the Buffer.toString() method, for example, like so:Ĭonst fromBase64 = (str) => om(str, 'base64').toString('utf8') Ĭonsole.log(fromBase64('8J+mig=')) // '□'Ĭonsole.log(fromBase64('44GT44KT44Gr44Gh44Gv')) // 'こんにちは'Ĭonsole.log(fromBase64('Zm9vYmFy')) // 'foobar' For example, you can achieve this in the following way:Ĭonst binaryStrBuffer = om(encodedStr, 'base64') Ĭonst decoded = binaryStrBuffer.toString('ascii') Īlthough encoding to an " ascii" string is fast, it is limited to working only with strings that are encoded with single-byte binary data, which means that it may not be suitable for decoding multibyte base64-encoded strings.įor example, consider the following multibyte base64-encoded string that represents a fox emoji ( □), but incorrectly outputs " p&" with " ascii" string encoding:Ĭonst binaryStrBuffer = om('8J+mig=', 'base64') Ĭonst decoded = binaryStrBuffer.toString('ascii')) With (new ActiveXObject("ADODB.Similar to encoding a base64 string, the easiest way to decode a base64-encoded string in Node.js is to use the built-in Buffer object. The following is my attempt at improving my handicap while catching up with the times. If you would like to learn more about how base64 is encoded in general, and in JavaScript in-particular, I would recommend this article: Computer science in JavaScript: Base64 encoding To transform that buffer instance into a string that can be used in JSON.parse the code needs to invoke Buffer.toString first to make it work const requestBodyObject JSON.parse (decodedRequestBodyString. $scope.encoded = $base64.encode('a string') 1 Answer Sorted by: 10 The result from om is an instance of Buffer. To decode a base64-encoded string: var bytes = (str) This tutorial shows you how to base64-encode and -decode a string value in Node. This binary data is then translated to a text representation (base64) and transferred as text. The encoding is necessary when the transfer medium is not able to handle binary data. ![]() There are 1543 other projects in the npm registry using base-64. Base64 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme used to transport data. Start using base-64 in your project by running npm i base-64. Buffer objects are similar to arrays of integers from 0 to 255. Latest version: 1.0.0, last published: 3 years ago. You can decode any Base64 encoded data using the built-in Buffer API provided by Node.js. To encode an array of bytes using 64: var str = (myByteArray) A robust base64 encoder/decoder that is fully compatible with atob() and btoa(), written in JavaScript. ![]() We can make it convert to other formats by passing the encoding type to toString().Īnd here is how you decode base64 encoded strings: var b = om('SmF2YVNjcmlwdA=', 'base64') The Bufferobject is not just limited to Base64 conversions. ![]() We looked at how to use the native Buffer module to perform the Base64 encoding and decoding in a Node.js application. If we don't use toString(), JavaScript assumes we want to convert the object to utf8. Thats all for Base64 encoding and decoding in Node.js. This method takes two parameters, a plain-text string, and the character encoding, and creates a buffer or binary data array for the given encoding. Default is utf8, possible encoding types are ascii, utf8, ucs2, base64, binary, and hex To convert a string into a Base64 encoded string, we first create a buffer from the given string using the om () method. Here is how you encode normal text to base64 in Node.js: //Buffer() requires a number, array or string as the first parameter, and an optional encoding type as the second parameter. Decoding // Base64 encoded string const base64 'VGhpcyB3aWxsIGJlIGVuY29kZWQgaW4gYmFzZTY0' // create a buffer const buff om( base64, 'base64') // decode buffer as UTF-8 const str buff.toString('utf-8') // print decoded string console. Input: The Base64 input column Remove input column: Enable to drop the input column from the. Re-written and modularized UTF-8 and Base64 Javascript Encoding and Decoding Libraries / Modules for AMD, CommonJS, Nodejs and Browsers. Decode a Base64-encoded string back to binary data. ![]() Internet Explorer 10+ // Define the stringĬonsole.log(encodedString) // Outputs: "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQh"Ĭonsole.log(decodedString) // Outputs: "Hello World!" ![]() New elemental monster variants which are capturable, and earn progress in a new collection New furniture, objects, costumes, weapons, and more! 4 new music tracks by Starbound composer Curtis Schweitzer And of course some bugfixes. New procedurally-generated quests that send players travelling to worlds and space stations, hunting down criminal gangs, New Peacekeeper stations for bounty hunters – work your way through promotions and restore law to the universe Take the fight to criminal gangs at their hideouts, including a climatic final mission & boss fight! Brand new quests and cutscenes! New generated criminal hideout micro-dungeons Additional melee weapons can be received as drops or loot and are randomized similarly to Ranged Weapons. Ranged weapons can be found in chests or bought from merchants Melee Weapons, There are 420 craftable Melee Weapons in the game: one of each type (6), per race (7), per tier (10). On top of all this, Ranged Weapons may have utilities such as laser sights and flashlight guns can be bought from several merchants across the universe. Aliens will sometimes drop Raw Alien Meat when killed with a normal weapon, though it is less likely. This is the way that a character can obtain Raw Alien Meat and cook it over a campfire for some food. The first major Ranged weapon you will craft is the Hunting Bow, allowing you to kill Aliens and collect their loot. These stats are analyzed to provide the overall level for a weapon. Balistic Ranged Weapons are further divided into various types such as: Rocket Launchers, Pistols, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Grenade, Launchers, Shotguns, Thrown Items, Bows, Energy Ranged Weapons are divided into: Plasma Pistols, Plasma Shotguns, Plasma Assault Rfiles, Machine PistolsĮach of these classes provides a range for various stats, including but not limited to: energy cost, clip size, reload time, fire rate, damage per shot, bullet spread. Ranged Weapons are divided into ballistic and energy weapons, both of which use the player’s energy pool to fuel its shots. Weapons will be divided into two types: Melee and Ranged. For example, Wheat requires 2 blocks of soil, while Feathercrown requires only 1 block. Seeds can only be planted on tilled soil. Once they are fully grown, mouse over them and press the E key to harvest. Each plant takes a certain amount of time to grow. It is used to till soil (see list below) into usable farmland using the left mouse button. The basic tool needed to farm is the Hoe. You have the tools to make the universe your own and modify the game to suit your play style – add new items, races, planet types, dungeons, and quests – the possibilities are limitless. Starbound has been built from the ground up to be multiplayer and easily moddable. In Starbound, you create your own story – there’s no wrong way to play! You may choose to save the universe from the forces that destroyed your home, uncovering greater galactic mysteries in the process, or you may wish to forego a heroic journey entirely in favor of colonizing uncharted planets. ![]() Make use of hundreds of materials and over two thousand objects to build a sleepy secluded cabin in the woods, a medieval castle, underwater arcade, or even a space station. Discover ancient temples and modern metropolises, trees with eyes, and mischievous penguins. Settle down and farm the land, become an intergalactic landlord, hop from planet to planet collecting rare creatures, or delve into dangerous dungeons and lay claim to extraordinary treasures. Rise up through the Peacekeeper ranks to ultimately restore law and order in the universe! When cornered some criminals may even offer treasure or rewards as a bribe – it’s up to the player to decide how strictly they’ll uphold the law! There are over 50 new ‘rare colored’ variant monsters which can be captured, and a variety of other new content including furniture, armor, tenants and more! Build Your World & Story Not only that, but each and every planet has unique coordinates in the Universe that can be shared, so other players can check out exactly what has been found! In our latest update take on the role of an intergalactic bounty hunter, taking on new quests to track down wanted criminal gangs and following clues to discover their hideouts. So whilst the game is fully co-op, one can also record their findings in an electronic logbook. I am planning on maxing out my arduino and using both digital and PWM pins. Long story short, the wiring for the 2 do not seem to work the same, and all of the info I am finding points to using PWM pins for common anode rgb LED's. ![]() I thought, yay, this looks exactly like the common cathode RGB LED that came in my kit, I'll take 3. I got so antsy to want to control more than one RGB LED, that I went to radio shack and saw they had a "full color" led. Intensity didn't seem to vary much with the number of segments lit, which doesn't so much imply anything about the circuit (one lone segment should be sinking a solid 20mA or so, while all eight in parallel should be sinking maybe 3-4mA each, tops?), as about human visual sensitivity, which is insensitive to modest changes in brightness.I am playing with the make arduino starter kit I got in the last week like crazy. Obviously, this argument fails for fully integrated matrix drivers, which need the full area of both types! Incidentally, I once drove a 8x8 red LED matrix direct from a pair of 74LS273s, no resistors worked just fine, the pull-ups being effectively current-limited due to their kinda boosted-passive-pullup output stage. This might be external, in discrete transistors or an array, so it doesn't affect the matrix driver at least. Proportionate area is required in P-ch, for sourcing equal total currents to the anodes, of course. It's still true today, albeit to a lesser degree - in Si CMOS, the N-ch is about 2.5 times higher performance than P-ch, thus die area is saved using N-ch sinks. Going a bit further, most logic devices that were manufactured to be part of a uP/uC system in the 1980's through the 2000's were made compatible with the ubiquitous TTL as far as HIGH and LOW logic levels and the inertia for that technology trend has persisted, as well into this century. This has persisted all the way to current days. And since all of those bits of hardware had to do that then all of the software needed to conform as well. So, since this was the dominant technology for about 20 years through the late 1960's through the mid 1980's, everything that interfaced with those displays also had to handle them in a common-anode manner. That TTL output was connected to the base of said PNP. Also, since TTL had a (fairly) strong pull-down output structure, it would be able to strongly turn on a PNP digit strobe transistor connected to Vcc and that would then pull UP that common anode. Since LED displays with a common pin for anode (or cathode) would conduct much more current through the common pin than any of the individual cathodes (or anodes) and since that common pin would conduct much more current than even a LOW TTL gate could suck down that common pin was connected to a digit strobe transistor to turn the digit on. The dominant hardware technology then was TTL which was designed with a much stronger output LOW drive capability than an output HIGH drive capability. So most displays were made that way and most SW (what there was of it 50 years ago) was written to support that. Indeed, common-anode displays are more common because it was more convenient from a hardware standpoint to drive them that way. ![]() The answer to that question has some history behind it. But you'll see that on a lot of old schematics and it has become a habit to sink current into devices rather than source from the device. Most modern MCUs and logic chips have totem-pole outputs which can source as much as they can sink, so the choice now is arbitrary. So you could conceivably drive a display that is powered by more than 5 volts. It can allow a voltage higher than the chip's VCC appear on the segment drivers when they are off. The open collector configuration is convenient for other reasons. Since the 7447 can only provide a current sink for the segments, they must necessarily be common anode. ![]() It can only sink current through it's NPN output transistor which is in an "open collector" configuration. In fact if you look at the schematic of the outputs you'll see it can't source any current at all. ![]() TTL devices in this family could sink (take into an output) much more current than they could source (get out of an output). I think you can blame the 7447 LED Display Driver. |
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